Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Renewable Energy (IJEERE)

Differential relay settings as protection on a 52 MVA Unit 4 Power Transformer PLTA Singkarak

2024-06-01T13:46:03+00:00

The protection system for electrical equipment is used to identify any disturbances and monitor any damage that may occur such as there is a difference between the incoming/primary and outgoing/secondary currents, and other electrical disturbances. One of them is the power transformer, of course the impact of these disturbances, if not resolved, will disrupt the power system at the plant. Then one solution is to use a protection device in the form of a differential relay. The purpose of preparing this report is to set up selective differential relays on power transformers. The method used in this report is manual and mathematical calculations on CT ratios, mismatch errors, restrain currents, differential currents, setting currents, CT secondary currents, and percent slope. After doing the mathematical calculations, we get the differential relay current setting, which is 0.21 A. The factory default setting is 0.3 A, or 30%, with the following assumptions: 10% for current transformer (CT), 1% for excitation settings , 4% for setting mismatch, 5% for safety factor, and 10% for setting leads. Differential Relay can function when the differential current is greater than the setting current; in this case, the relay will cause the circuit breaker to trip.

Noni Fruit Voltaic Cells as Alternative Electrical Energy

2024-06-11T03:41:58+00:00

Dry cell battery which is an example of a voltaic cell is one source of energy that is widely used in everyday life. A dry cell battery consists of a cathode, anode and an electrolyte paste. In commercial dry cell batteries, electrolyte paste is made from chemicals that are harmful and can pollute the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative electrolyte paste that does not contain harmful chemicals and has a low price. This study aims to analyze the potential of noni fruit as a conductor of electric current (electrolyte paste) in dry cell batteries. Optimization of fruit maturity, fruit processing, and the number of voltaic cells of noni fruit was carried out. A series of voltaic cells was made consisting of copper (Cu) electrodes as cathode, zinc (Zn) electrodes as anode, and noni fruit as electrolyte paste. Each variation of the voltaic cell is measured by the electrical voltage produced using a voltmeter. The best variation results are connected to a 2.5 V LED lamp to be tested for flame and longevity. From the results of the study, it was found that the voltage produced by the 14 voltaic cells of the noni fruit was 11.59 V which could turn on the 2.5 V LED lamp very brightly in 6 days of life. Noni fruit has great potential in conducting electric current and can function as a natural electrolyte in voltaic cells.

Keyword: batteries, electrolyte, noni fruit, electrical energy, voltaic cell.

Comprehensive Analysis of Penetration Testing Frameworks and Tools: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities

2024-07-11T13:11:05+00:00

The crucial method in cybersecurity aimed at identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities in information systems to enhance security is known as Penetration Testing. The author attempts to present a comprehensive analysis of various penetration testing frameworks and tools, including OWASP, PTES, NIST SP 800-115, OSSTMM, and ISO 27001. Each framework has its distinct advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific context and needs of the organization. Various penetration testing tools are evaluated based on their ability to detect and exploit vulnerabilities. Recent trends show an increase in the use of automated and AI-based tools to improve efficiency and accuracy. Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) techniques are also becoming increasingly important in gathering initial information before penetration testing is conducted. However, there are significant challenges in penetration testing, including the complexity of modern systems, resource constraints, evolving threats, regulatory compliance, and the security of the testing tools themselves. These challenges are balanced by significant opportunities in the development of new tools, enhanced collaboration among the security community, increased awareness and investment in cybersecurity, education and training, and integration with DevSecOps methodologies. This article aims to provide in-depth and practical guidance for organizations in selecting and implementing the most suitable penetration testing frameworks and tools according to their needs. With a better understanding of the advantages, disadvantages, trends, challenges, and opportunities in penetration testing, organizations can significantly enhance their security posture..

In-depth Study of Partial Discharge in Power Transformers: Challenges and Analysis Selected Articles

2024-07-01T07:35:39+00:00

Partial discharge (PD) is an electrical phenomenon that occurs in the insulation of a power transformer when high voltage causes the release of small amounts of electrical energy. Although PD itself does not directly cause damage, this phenomenon can gradually damage the insulation, reduce its effectiveness, and eventually lead to transformer failure if not detected and addressed. PD usually indicates a weakness or defect in the insulation system, such as an air gap, contamination, or damage to the insulation material. This article reviews recent research on PD in power transformers published since 2020 and selects some dominant studies for further analysis. The article identifies challenges in PD detection and analysis, such as sensor sensitivity, signal interference, and the need for more accurate diagnosis methods.

Overcurrent Protection System Using SEPAM 1000+ T40 in the Transformer In The WHRPG Unit PT. Semen Padang

2024-07-01T07:32:04+00:00

The transformer is an important piece of equipment in the WHRPG generator system which functions to change the electric voltage from high to low or vice versa. In the transformer interference can occur which can damage the transformer. Therefore, it is necessary to have proper transformer protection to ensure safe operation and avoid damage that can disrupt the distribution of electric power. So that the related objective of this existing problem is protection is carried out to overcome disturbances that occur in transformers with equipment in the form of SEPAM 1000+ type T40. The method used is by collecting data on power transformer specifications, SEPAM 1000+ specifications and overcurrent relay settings for later analysis and calculations related to the magnitude of the fault current and the magnitude of the relay current setting. Based on the specifications of the transformer and the existing disturbances, the results show that the SEPAM 1000+ T40 in the WHRPG functions to protect the transformer from overcurrent disturbances, ground faults and overload disturbances, for the maximum current value on the transformer is 146.63 A, while the maximum overcurrent disturbance that can occur is 2,443.8 A, so that from the value of the disturbance, an overcurrent elay setting value of 175.95 A is obtained with a relay working time of 0.25 s. Then input the results of the settings earlier into SEPAM 1000+.

Literature Review on High-Voltage Impulse Testing Techniques in Electrical Distribution Systems

2024-07-02T01:13:13+00:00

This literature review presents a comprehensive overview of impulse high voltage testing techniques applied in
electrical distribution systems. Impulse high-voltage testing is required to evaluate the insulation resistance of
electrical equipment to sudden voltage surges, such as those induced by lightning or switching disturbances. Through
collecting data from scientific sources such as journals and electronic databases, this review classifies various testing
techniques, including tests with lightning impulses and switching impulses, and discusses recent technological
developments such as the use of advanced sensors and online monitoring systems. It also discusses comparisons between
testing techniques, identifying the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges faced in the application of these
techniques. It is hoped that this literature review will provide practical guidance and valuable academic contributions
to electrical engineering professionals, as well as encourage further research into improving the reliability and safety
of electrical distribution systems through impulse high voltage testing.